Midwifery Exam Questions

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Serotonin. Serotonin is not a primary chemical mediator of hepatic encephalopathy. The main chemical mediators involved in hepatic encephalopathy are A: Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), B: Ammonia, and C: False neurotransmitters. GABA plays a role in inhibiting neurotransmission, ammonia is a key factor in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy, and false neurotransmitters are produced due to altered amino acid metabolism in the liver. Serotonin is not a key player in the development of hepatic encephalopathy, hence it is the correct answer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because BCG vaccination is recommended for newborns regardless of maternal smear status to prevent tuberculosis. The neonate is at risk of TB exposure postnatally and needs protection. Maternal smear status does not affect the indication for BCG in the newborn. Choice B is incorrect because withholding BCG in this case would leave the neonate vulnerable to TB. Choices C and D are not applicable as they do not provide any information.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The engaging diameter in a face presentation is the sub-mento vertical diameter. This is the correct answer because it represents the distance from the tip of the chin (mentum) to the highest point on the skull (vertex), which is the most critical diameter for the face to descend through the pelvis during childbirth. Choice B (Sub-mento bregmatic diameter) is incorrect because it represents the distance from the tip of the chin to the anterior fontanelle, not the highest point on the skull. Choice C (Mento vertical diameter) is incorrect because it refers to the distance from the chin to the base of the skull, not the highest point on the skull. Choice D (Sub-occipito bregmatic diameter) is incorrect because it represents the distance from the base of the skull to the anterior fontanelle, not involving the chin.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Protein intake of 50 g daily. In hepatic encephalopathy, reducing protein intake helps decrease ammonia production. Excessive ammonia leads to neurological symptoms. Lactulose (choice A) is correct for hepatic encephalopathy as it helps eliminate ammonia through the gut. Spironolactone (choice B) is a diuretic and not indicated for hepatic encephalopathy. Zolpidem (choice D) is a sleep aid and not relevant to managing ammonia accumulation. In summary, choice C is correct because it directly targets the underlying issue of ammonia accumulation in hepatic encephalopathy, while the other choices do not address this specific concern.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: It is important to monitor blood pressure in pregnant women to detect preeclampsia, a serious condition that can lead to complications for both the mother and the baby. Preeclampsia is characterized by high blood pressure and protein in the urine, and early detection is crucial for timely intervention. Regular monitoring allows healthcare providers to identify and manage preeclampsia promptly, reducing the risk of severe complications such as eclampsia and organ damage. Anemia, preterm labor, and gestational diabetes are important aspects of prenatal care but are not directly related to the need for regular blood pressure monitoring in pregnant women.