Endocrinology Practice Questions

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Ischaemic heart disease. Metabolic syndrome X consists of a cluster of conditions, including hyperlipidemia, obesity, hypertension, and insulin resistance. Ischaemic heart disease, while commonly associated with metabolic syndrome X due to the increased risk factors, is not a direct component of the syndrome itself. Therefore, it is not considered a part of metabolic syndrome X. Hyperlipidemia (A), obesity (B), and hypertension (D) are all key components of metabolic syndrome X due to their association with insulin resistance and increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Neovascularization. Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy is characterized by early changes such as retinal vascular microaneurysms, blot hemorrhages, and cotton-wool spots. Neovascularization is a feature of proliferative diabetic retinopathy, not non-proliferative. Neovascularization refers to the growth of abnormal new blood vessels in the retina, which can lead to severe vision loss if not treated promptly. In summary, neovascularization is not consistent with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, as it is a hallmark of the proliferative stage.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Diabetes insipidus is a condition where the kidneys are unable to conserve water, leading to the excretion of large volumes of dilute urine. This is due to either a lack of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) production (central DI) or the kidneys' insensitivity to ADH (nephrogenic DI). Choice A is incorrect as the urine is dilute, not concentrated. Choice B is incorrect as diabetes insipidus results in large, not small, urine volumes. Choice D is incorrect as the urine is dilute, not concentrated. Therefore, choice C accurately describes diabetes insipidus.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Chronic pancreatitis. Hypoglycemia is not typically associated with chronic pancreatitis as it is more related to pancreatic insufficiency and impaired glucose regulation. A: Glycogen storage disease can lead to hypoglycemia due to the inability to properly release stored glucose. C: Galactosaemia can cause hypoglycemia due to the impaired breakdown of galactose into glucose. D: Post-gastrectomy can lead to hypoglycemia due to rapid glucose absorption and altered hormonal responses.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG). TBG is the primary source of bound T4 in the plasma as it specifically binds to and transports thyroid hormones. This protein has the highest affinity for T4 compared to other plasma proteins. Albumin (A) and gamma globulins (B) can also bind to thyroid hormones, but TBG is the primary carrier. Thyroid peroxidase (C) is an enzyme involved in thyroid hormone production, not in binding T4 in the plasma.