geriatric nursing exam questions with rationale

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: sleep apnea. Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep, which does not directly cause pneumonia. Aspiration from a poor swallow (A), community acquired pneumonia (B), and compromised immune function (D) are all known risk factors for pneumonia in older adults. Aspiration can lead to the entry of bacteria into the lungs, community-acquired pneumonia is a common cause of infection in the elderly, and compromised immune function makes older adults more susceptible to infections. Thus, sleep apnea is the only option that does not directly contribute to the development of pneumonia in older clients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Provide step-by-step verbal cues to assist the client. This intervention is appropriate for an older adult with dementia as it offers structured support while still promoting independence. Verbal cues can help guide the client through the self-care tasks, maintaining their dignity and autonomy. Option A is incorrect as full independence may be overwhelming and unsafe. Option C is inappropriate and neglectful. Option D may be too demanding for someone with dementia. Verbal cues strike a balance between support and autonomy, making it the best intervention in this scenario.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because baby boomers were exposed to unhealthy lifestyle choices and environments in their formative years, contributing to the prevalence of chronic conditions. This is supported by research showing that environmental factors, such as diet and exposure to toxins, play a significant role in the development of chronic illnesses. Additionally, unhealthy habits established in youth can have long-term effects on health. Choice A is incorrect because higher physical activity rates during youth would typically lead to better health outcomes, not increased chronic conditions. Choice C is incorrect as better access to preventive healthcare services would likely reduce chronic conditions, not increase them. Choice D is incorrect because education about nutrition and wellness would typically lead to healthier lifestyle choices and lower rates of chronic conditions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Difficulty standing up from a seated position. This is a key indicator of potential sarcopenia because sarcopenia is characterized by age-related loss of muscle mass and strength. Difficulty standing up from a seated position can be attributed to muscle weakness, which is a common symptom of sarcopenia. Unintentional weight loss (A) can be a sign of various health issues, not specific to sarcopenia. Loss of appetite (C) can also be caused by a range of factors, not exclusive to sarcopenia. Increased body fat percentage (D) is not a direct indicator of sarcopenia, as the condition primarily involves muscle loss rather than increased body fat.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Ensuring early mobilization and reorientation. Delirium in hospitalized older adults is often caused by factors like immobility and disorientation. Early mobilization helps maintain physical and cognitive function, reducing the risk of delirium. Reorientation techniques help patients stay connected to reality, preventing confusion. Limiting visitors (A) can lead to social isolation, exacerbating delirium. Reducing physical restraints (B) is important but not as effective as promoting mobility. Providing a calm environment (C) is beneficial but may not address the underlying causes of delirium.