Ethics and Issues in Contemporary Nursing PDF

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step 1: In the work environment, evaluation focuses on appraising outcomes to assess effectiveness and compliance with policies. Step 2: Appraising outcomes according to policy ensures that results align with organizational objectives. Step 3: This process helps identify areas for improvement and ensures accountability. Step 4: Choices A, B, and C do not directly address the evaluation of outcomes based on policy, making them incorrect. Step 5: Therefore, the correct answer is D as it aligns with the purpose of evaluation in the work environment.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Some cancers such as stomach cancer occur less frequently among blacks due to genetic factors. Stomach cancer is more common in Asian populations due to dietary and lifestyle factors. This variation in cancer incidence among different racial groups is influenced by genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Therefore, the influence of cultural phenomena on health care can be observed in the differing rates of specific diseases among various cultural groups. Other choices are incorrect: A: This choice does not directly relate to the influence of cultural phenomena on health care, but rather discusses medication adherence based on beliefs about fate and the environment. C: Direct eye contact is a cultural behavior that may vary among different cultural groups, but it does not directly relate to the influence of cultural phenomena on health care. D: Standing close and touching health care providers is a cultural behavior that may be more common among certain cultural groups like Mexican Americans, but it does not directly demonstrate the influence of cultural phenomena on health care in the context of disease incidence

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: paternalism. Paternalism occurs when a physician overrides a patient's autonomy in favor of what they believe is best for the patient. In this scenario, the physician is not respecting the client's wishes and is making decisions based on their own judgment, which is characteristic of paternalism. Autonomy (A) refers to respecting the patient's right to make their own decisions. Beneficence (B) is the principle of doing good for the patient, but in this case, it is being overshadowed by the physician's paternalistic approach. Justice (C) refers to fairness in healthcare distribution, which is not applicable in this context.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Watson's Theory of Caring. This theory emphasizes the importance of caring relationships in nursing practice. In this scenario, the nurse is demonstrating caring by helping the patient prevent fatigue, assisting with dressing, and respecting the patient's autonomy in choosing clothes. Watson's theory focuses on promoting holistic care and building a therapeutic nurse-patient relationship. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect: B: Rogers' Theory of Unitary Humans focuses on the interconnectedness of humans with their environment, which is not the primary focus of the nurse's actions in the scenario. C: Levine's Theory of Conservation emphasizes maintaining the patient's energy and structural integrity, which is not the main focus of the nurse's actions in the scenario. D: Leininger's Theory of Transcultural Nursing focuses on providing culturally competent care, which is not the central theme of the nurse's actions in the scenario.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (C): The correct answer is C because individuals covered under Medicaid, especially those living in poverty, often face barriers to timely healthcare access. Due to financial constraints and lack of awareness, this mother may delay seeking care, leading to a more advanced stage of breast cancer. This delay can result in the need for hospitalization for a mastectomy, which could have been avoided with early detection and treatment. Medicaid coverage does not necessarily guarantee prompt healthcare access, especially for preventive services like mammography. Summary of Incorrect Choices: A: This choice is incorrect because individuals covered by Medicaid, especially those facing financial hardships, may have limited access to preventive services like mammography due to various barriers. B: Having designated primary care and a specialist does not necessarily ensure timely care access, especially for individuals living in poverty and covered under Medicaid. D: This choice is incorrect as individuals covered by Medicaid generally have better access to healthcare services compared to the uninsured population, although they may still face barriers to