Physical Examination and Health Assessment 8th Edition Test Bank

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The symptoms described, including decreased air movement, high-pitched whistling (wheezing) on expiration in all lobes, and resonant lungs on percussion, are characteristic findings of asthma. Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and increased mucus production, leading to symptoms like wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and cough. The presence of wheezing, particularly on expiration, is a classic sign of asthma. In contrast, spontaneous pneumothorax would typically present with sudden chest pain and shortness of breath, accompanied by hyperresonant percussion notes due to trapped air in the pleural space. COPD, a chronic lung condition characterized by progressive airflow limitation, would often present with symptoms such as chronic cough, sputum production, and dyspnea on exertion. Pneumonia is an infection of the lung tissue,

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The most likely cause of neck pain in this scenario is a cervical sprain. A cervical sprain is an injury to the ligaments in the neck as a result of sudden force or trauma, such as a motor vehicle collision. The symptoms of a cervical sprain typically include pain, stiffness in the neck, and muscle spasm. The fact that the patient has pain and spasm over the paraspinous muscles on one side of the neck, along with pain during active range of motion, is characteristic of a sprain. It is important to consider this diagnosis in individuals who have recently experienced trauma to the neck region. Treatment for a cervical sprain usually includes pain management, rest, and gentle stretching exercises to help with recovery.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The description provided indicates a presentation consistent with gonococcal arthritis. Gonococcal arthritis is an infectious arthritis caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Symptoms typically include red, swollen, and painful joints, especially affecting the distal joints of the limbs. The presence of papules, pustules, and vesicles on reddened bases at the distal extremities is characteristic of disseminated gonococcal infection. In women, the DIP joint involvement in the finger can be indicative of this condition. Prompt diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics are essential to prevent complications associated with gonococcal arthritis. It is important to consider a sexually transmitted infection like gonorrhea in young patients presenting with joint symptoms and cutaneous findings.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The young woman in this scenario is experiencing symptoms consistent with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is an anxiety disorder that can develop after a person is exposed to a traumatic event, such as a life-threatening situation like a robbery with a gun involved. The symptoms she is experiencing, including difficulty sleeping, severe nightmares, irritability, hypervigilance, and avoidance of triggers such as driving at night, are all classic features of PTSD. These symptoms have persisted for at least 6 months since the traumatic event occurred, which is a key criterion for making a diagnosis of PTSD. Treatment for PTSD typically involves a combination of medication and therapy to help the individual process and cope with the traumatic experience.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: By connecting the patient's presenting symptoms (wheezing when exposed to cats) and family history of asthma, you have identified asthma as the most likely diagnosis for the 5-year-old girl. This initial conclusion, based on the available information, is known as a working diagnosis. Further evaluation and testing may be required to confirm the diagnosis, but at this stage, you have established a preliminary understanding of the likely condition affecting the patient.