Endocrinology Practice Questions

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Elevated glucose levels in obese individuals are often due to insulin resistance. Insulin resistance occurs when the body's cells do not respond effectively to insulin, leading to decreased glucose uptake. This results in elevated blood glucose levels. Diabetic acidosis (choice A) is a complication of uncontrolled diabetes characterized by high blood ketone levels, not directly related to obesity. Glucose intolerance (choice B) refers to the body's inability to regulate blood glucose levels efficiently but is not specific to obesity. Insulin deficiency (choice D) is characteristic of type 1 diabetes, where the body does not produce enough insulin, which is distinct from insulin resistance seen in obesity.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step 1: Toxic thyroid adenoma is characterized by a benign tumor in the thyroid gland. Step 2: This tumor produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormones, particularly T3 and T4. Step 3: The tumor arises from the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. Step 4: Choice D accurately describes a toxic thyroid adenoma as a benign tumor producing excessive thyroid hormones from follicular cells. Summary: Choice A is incorrect because it describes autoimmune thyroid disease, not a toxic adenoma. Choice B is incorrect as it describes a malignant tumor, not a benign one. Choice C is incorrect as it describes thyroiditis, not a toxic adenoma.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: SIADH. Secondary hyperaldosteronism is characterized by increased aldosterone production due to factors outside of the adrenal glands, such as increased renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation. SIADH does not involve aldosterone, but rather involves inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone leading to hyponatremia. In contrast, congestive cardiac failure, nephrotic syndrome, and cirrhosis of the liver can all lead to secondary hyperaldosteronism due to mechanisms such as decreased effective circulating volume, renal hypoperfusion, and increased angiotensin II levels, respectively.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone are synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland before being released into the bloodstream. This process is essential for regulating various physiological functions. Choices A and C are incorrect as oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone are not complex steroids and are not released from the anterior pituitary. Choice B is also incorrect because while these hormones are indeed synthesized in the posterior pituitary, they are stored in the posterior pituitary before their release.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Phaeochromocytoma. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type I (MEN I) is characterized by tumors in the pituitary, pancreas, and parathyroid glands. Phaeochromocytoma is not typically associated with MEN I. Phaeochromocytoma is commonly seen in MEN II syndrome. Therefore, A is the correct answer. Choice B, C, and D are incorrect as they are all associated with MEN I based on the characteristic tumor involvement in the pituitary, pancreas, and parathyroid glands, respectively.