Adult Health Med Surg Nursing Test Banks

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The patient's presentation of urinary frequency, urgency, dysuria, and suprapubic pain along with the urinalysis findings of pyuria (pus in the urine) and bacteriuria (bacteria in the urine) are highly suggestive of a urinary tract infection (UTI). UTIs are one of the most common types of bacterial infections seen in clinical practice. The symptoms described are classic for a lower urinary tract infection. The presence of pyuria and bacteriuria on urinalysis further supports the diagnosis of a UTI. Acute glomerulonephritis typically presents with hematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, and edema. Chronic kidney disease is often asymptomatic in early stages and presents with symptoms like fatigue, edema, and changes in urination later on. Renal calculi are associated with severe colicky flank pain that can radiate to the groin, and they may present with

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: For a patient diagnosed with a hemorrhagic stroke, the caregiver should ensure that the bed is positioned in a High-Fowler's position. This position involves elevating the head of the bed between 60 to 90 degrees. Elevating the head of the bed helps to reduce intracranial pressure and promote optimal cerebral perfusion. It also assists in maintaining proper ventilation and oxygenation, which are essential for the patient's recovery. It is important to avoid positioning the patient flat or in a prone position as these may exacerbate the condition and lead to further complications.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Erythropoietin-stimulating agents (ESAs) are prescribed to manage anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. Monitoring the hemoglobin level closely during ESA therapy is crucial to ensure that the treatment is effective in increasing red blood cell production without causing excessive elevation. Hemoglobin levels should be checked regularly to adjust the ESA dosage accordingly and prevent risks associated with high hematocrit levels, such as increasing blood viscosity and cardiovascular events. Monitoring serum potassium, creatinine, and platelet count are important in the management of chronic kidney disease for different reasons, but for ESA therapy, monitoring hemoglobin is the most essential parameter.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: While urinalysis can provide valuable information about a person's health status and can be part of a clinical assessment, it is not typically considered a common screening test for specific diseases or conditions. The other options listed - Pap smears for cervical cancer screening, cholesterol levels for heart disease screening, and PSA levels for prostate cancer screening - are all commonly used screening tests aimed at early detection of specific diseases. Urinalysis is more commonly used as part of a broader health assessment or diagnostic evaluation rather than a dedicated screening tool for a specific condition.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Opsonization refers to the process by which antibodies bind to the surface of pathogens, marking them for destruction by phagocytes or complement proteins. This coating of antibodies enhances the ability of the immune system to recognize and eliminate the pathogens effectively. Phagocytes (such as macrophages and neutrophils) are better able to engulf and digest pathogens that have been opsonized, as the antibodies attached to the pathogen surface signal to the phagocytes that they are foreign invaders. This process is crucial in the body's immune response to infections and helps in clearing pathogens from the system.