Fundamentals of Nursing Nursing Process Questions

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Fluorouracil (5-fluorouracil, 5 FU [Fluoroplex]). Fluorouracil is commonly used in chemotherapy for liver cancer to inhibit cancer cell growth. It is a pyrimidine analog that interferes with DNA synthesis. Fluoxymesterone (A) is an androgen used in hormone replacement therapy, not in liver cancer treatment. Tamoxifen (C) is an antiestrogen used in breast cancer treatment, not liver cancer. Megestrol (D) is a progestin used in hormone therapy for breast cancer and endometrial cancer, not liver cancer. Therefore, the correct choice is B as it directly targets cancer cell growth in liver cancer treatment.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Diagnostic reasoning. This involves analyzing assessment data, utilizing critical thinking skills to identify patient problems, and formulating nursing diagnoses. Diagnostic reasoning is the process of synthesizing information to make clinical judgments and determine appropriate interventions. A: Assigning clinical cues - Incorrect. This refers to identifying observable signs or symptoms, not the process of developing a nursing diagnosis. B: Defining characteristics - Incorrect. This term is often used to describe the symptoms or manifestations associated with a nursing diagnosis, not the process of deriving the diagnosis. D: Diagnostic labeling - Incorrect. This is the final step in the nursing diagnosis process where the nurse assigns a label to the identified patient problem, not the process of critical thinking and data analysis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C (5 years) because ALS is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease. The median life expectancy for most ALS patients is around 3-5 years from the onset of symptoms. Choice A (3 years) is too short for 50% of patients. Choice B (10 years) and Choice D (20 years) are longer than the typical life expectancy for ALS patients, making them incorrect. The progression of ALS varies among individuals, but statistically, 50% of patients would be expected to live around 5 years after diagnosis.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: To prevent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage. 1. Positioning is crucial to prevent CSF leakage as the spinal block is administered into the sub-arachnoid space where CSF is present. 2. Incorrect Answers: A: Positioning is not related to preventing confusion in this context. C: Seizures are not typically associated with spinal block anesthesia. D: Cardiac arrhythmias are not directly impacted by the client's positioning for a spinal block.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: 15 to 20 g of a fast-acting carbohydrate such as orange juice. In this scenario, the client is experiencing hypoglycemia, which can lead to confusion and abnormal behavior. Administering fast-acting carbohydrates like orange juice will help quickly raise the blood sugar levels. This is the first-line treatment for conscious patients with hypoglycemia. Choice A (I.M. or subcutaneous glucagon) is used for unconscious patients or when oral intake is not possible. Choice B (I.V. bolus of dextrose 50%) is too aggressive for a conscious patient and may lead to complications. Choice D (10 U of fast-acting insulin) would further lower the blood sugar levels and worsen the situation. Administering fast-acting carbohydrates is the safest and most effective approach for conscious patients with hypoglycemia to quickly raise their blood sugar levels and resolve their symptoms.