ATI Fluid Electrolyte and Acid-Base Regulation

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Grade 3 phlebitis at IV site. This finding indicates inflammation of the vein due to irritants from the IV catheter, supported by red streak and palpable cord. Grade 3 phlebitis involves pain, redness, swelling, and palpable venous cord. Infection (B) typically presents with signs like pus, warmth, and fever. Thrombosis (C) involves a blood clot, not a palpable cord. Infiltration (D) is leakage of IV fluid into surrounding tissues, not related to palpable cord and red streak.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because limiting fluids can lead to dehydration, which can cause confusion and dry mucous membranes. Adjusting the timing of fluids can help maintain hydration without causing frequent nighttime bathroom trips. Choice A is incorrect because hospital readmission is not necessary at this point. Choice C is incorrect as it normalizes confusion post-surgery and dangerous practice of avoiding urination at night. Choice D is incorrect because urine accumulation in the bladder does not directly cause confusion; dehydration is the primary concern.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: Option C is correct because berries, cherries, apples, and peaches are indeed low in potassium compared to other fruits. This response acknowledges the client's love for fruits while providing suitable alternatives to manage potassium levels. By choosing these low-potassium fruits, the client can continue enjoying fruits without exacerbating hyperkalemia. Incorrect options: A: Potatoes and avocados are high in potassium, so they are not suitable substitutes. B: Cooking fruit does not significantly reduce its potassium content. D: This option lacks guidance and does not offer a solution to the client's concern about high potassium levels.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Osmosis and osmolality. When a hypertonic solution is infused, it increases the number of dissolved particles in the blood, creating an osmotic pressure gradient. This causes fluids in the tissues to shift into the capillaries, increasing blood volume. Osmosis is the movement of solvent (water) across a semi-permeable membrane to equalize solute concentrations. Osmolality refers to the concentration of solutes in a solution. Hydrostatic pressure (choice A) is the force exerted by a fluid against a wall when it is under pressure, not related to the movement of solutes. Diffusion (choice C) is the movement of solute molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration, not involving a semi-permeable membrane. Active transport (choice D) requires energy to move molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient, not the mechanism described in the scenario.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Kussmaul respirations. In acute pancreatitis, metabolic acidosis can occur due to the release of pancreatic enzymes. Kussmaul respirations are deep, rapid breaths that help to blow off excess carbon dioxide in response to acidosis, aiming to correct the pH imbalance. Agitation (A) is a nonspecific symptom and not specific to acid-base imbalances. Seizures (C) are more commonly associated with electrolyte imbalances such as hyponatremia or hypocalcemia. Positive Chvostek's sign (D) is a clinical sign of hypocalcemia, not directly related to acid-base imbalances in acute pancreatitis.