Contemporary Issues in Nursing

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the IOM competencies aim to improve healthcare by addressing both individual and system-based approaches. This is crucial as it recognizes that improving healthcare requires a comprehensive approach that involves changing both individual behaviors and systemic structures. A: Each competency is mutually exclusive - This is incorrect as the competencies are designed to work together, not in isolation. B: The competencies focus on individual efforts to reduce errors - This is incorrect as the competencies also emphasize the importance of systemic changes to prevent errors. C: Physicians lead the team to achieve each competency - This is incorrect as the competencies are meant to be achieved collaboratively by a multidisciplinary team, not solely led by physicians.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: team. In a team care delivery model, multiple healthcare providers work collaboratively to deliver care to the patient, ensuring comprehensive and coordinated services. This model promotes communication, efficiency, and patient-centered care. Choice B, primary, refers to a single designated provider responsible for coordinating care. Choice C, partnership, typically involves a close relationship between the patient and provider but lacks the interdisciplinary approach of a team model. Choice D, modular, implies a fragmented approach with care delivered in separate components, which may lead to disjointed care and lack of coordination. Ultimately, the team care delivery model is the most effective in ensuring holistic and well-coordinated patient care.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: phenomenology. Phenomenology focuses on exploring and understanding individuals' lived experiences to uncover the essence of a phenomenon. In this case, the nurse is interested in understanding the meaning of surviving polio from the perspective of those diagnosed with the disease. By reflecting on the data and identifying common themes, the researcher aims to capture the essence of the human experience of surviving polio. Grounded theory (A) is a method used to develop theories from data, not necessarily focusing on the lived experience. Ethnography (B) involves studying cultures and societies, which is not directly aligned with understanding individual experiences. Case study (D) typically focuses on in-depth analysis of a specific individual or group, rather than exploring common themes across individuals' experiences.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Inclusiveness. In this scenario, the nurse is evaluating if Levin's Theory of Conservation includes all the concepts related to energy, structural integrity, personal integrity, and social integrity in the care of cancer treatment. Inclusiveness as a criterion of theory acceptance involves determining if a theory encompasses all relevant concepts and variables within a certain domain. By ensuring that all key components are addressed, the theory can be considered comprehensive and applicable to various situations. Choice B: Consistency, refers to the internal logical coherence of a theory, which is not the focus of the nurse's evaluation in this case. Choice C: Accuracy, pertains to the degree to which a theory accurately reflects reality, which is not directly related to the nurse's current evaluation. Choice D: Fruitfulness, involves the ability of a theory to generate new research and insights, which is not the primary concern for the nurse's assessment of the theory's applicability to cancer treatment.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: confusing cause and effect. The nurse's statement implies that drinking coffee causes the children to be below average in height, which is a logical fallacy. Height is determined by genetics, nutrition, and overall health factors, not by drinking coffee. The nurse is mistakenly attributing the children's height to their coffee consumption without considering other relevant factors. This error in reasoning is known as confusing cause and effect. A: Appeal to common practice is when an argument is justified based on the fact that many people do it, which is not relevant to the coffee consumption issue. C: Ad hominem abusive is attacking the person making the argument rather than addressing the argument itself, which is not the case here. D: Red herring is when irrelevant information is used to distract from the main issue, which is not the case in this scenario.