Adult Health Med Surg Nursing Test Banks

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Erosion is the dental condition characterized by the destruction of tooth structure due to exposure to acidic substances, such as gastric acid from conditions like gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or acidic beverages like sodas and citrus fruits. This acidic attack softens and wears away the enamel, leading to the erosion of tooth structure. Unlike dental caries, which is caused by bacteria producing acid from sugars in the mouth, erosion is primarily a result of external acidic sources. Attrition refers to the wear of tooth structure from tooth-to-tooth contact, and abrasion refers to the wear of tooth structure due to forces like brushing too hard or using abrasive toothpaste.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Immunological memory is primarily maintained by the clonal expansion of memory B cells. Memory B cells are a type of long-lived immune cell that originates from previously activated B cells during an immune response to a pathogen. When the immune system encounters the same pathogen again, memory B cells can quickly recognize and respond to it by undergoing rapid clonal expansion and differentiation into plasma cells that produce specific antibodies. This quick and robust response leads to the more efficient elimination of the pathogen during secondary exposure, resulting in the faster and stronger immune response characteristic of immunological memory.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The best action the nurse should prioritize to enhance patient comfort during a colposcopy procedure is to explain the procedure steps and provide emotional support to the patient. Colposcopy is a procedure that involves examining the cervix, vagina, and vulva closely. Patients may feel anxious or uncomfortable during the procedure due to the sensitive nature of the area being examined and the potential concerns related to abnormal cervical cytology results. By explaining the procedure steps in detail before starting and providing emotional support, the nurse can help alleviate the patient's fears and anxieties, thereby enhancing their comfort and promoting a more positive experience overall. Additionally, establishing good communication and trust with the patient can also improve their cooperation during the procedure. Administering sedation, applying a topical anesthetic cream, and allowing a support person to be present are all important factors in providing holistic care as well, but the initial priority should be on communication and emotional support.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Breach of duty is the element of malpractice that occurs when the nurse does not act as a reasonable, prudent person would have acted in a similar circumstance. This means that the nurse failed to uphold the standard of care expected in their practice. In a malpractice case, it must be proven that the nurse breached their duty of care towards the patient by not providing the expected level of skill and care that another reasonable nurse in the same situation would have provided.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The central theme of Sr. Callista Roy's theory is adaptation. Roy's Adaptation Model focuses on the individual's ability to adapt to internal and external stimuli in order to maintain health and well-being. The theory emphasizes the interconnectedness of the individual and their environment, highlighting the dynamic process of adaptation in response to stimuli. By focusing on adaptation, Roy's theory guides nursing practice in promoting holistic care that supports individuals in adapting to changes and achieving optimal health outcomes.