Contemporary Issues in Nursing

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Prehistoric times and the Middle Ages. In prehistoric times, herbs were used as the primary form of medicine. During the Middle Ages, herbal medicine continued to be prevalent due to limited medical knowledge. Other choices are incorrect because B, C, and D do not align with historical periods where herbal medicine was a dominant health practice.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: control group. In this study design, Group 3 serves as the control group to compare the effects of music therapy and life review therapy on memory. The control group does not receive any intervention, allowing researchers to isolate the impact of the therapies. This helps determine if any observed improvements in memory are due to the therapies and not other factors. A pilot study (A) is a small-scale preliminary investigation, not a comparison group. A survey (B) is a data collection method, not a comparison group. A needs assessment (C) is used to determine needs, not a comparison group. Thus, the control group is essential in research to establish causal relationships.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: critical pathway. Critical pathways are structured, multidisciplinary care plans that detail essential steps in the care of patients with specific conditions, such as heart failure. They standardize treatment by outlining the sequence and timing of interventions, tests, and medications, helping to improve efficiency and quality of care. Critical pathways guide daily care by providing a roadmap for healthcare providers to follow, ensuring that patients receive appropriate and timely interventions. Explanation of other choices: A: Benchmark - Benchmarks are standards or reference points used for comparison, not a structured care plan like a critical pathway. C: Algorithm - Algorithms are step-by-step procedures for solving problems, not necessarily a comprehensive care plan like a critical pathway. D: Case management - Case management involves coordinating care and services for individual patients, not a standardized care plan for a specific disease like a critical pathway.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, passive-aggressive. The nurse is indirectly expressing her displeasure and resistance to floating by smiling and agreeing to come back for lunch, but then displaying negative body language and muttering under her breath. This behavior is passive on the surface but aggressive in the underlying tone. The nurse is not openly confronting the issue but is still showing resistance and frustration. A: Assertive communication involves expressing one's needs and feelings in a direct and respectful manner. The nurse is not openly communicating her feelings or needs in this scenario. B: Aggressive communication involves expressing needs and feelings in a forceful and hostile manner. The nurse's behavior is not openly hostile towards others. C: Passive communication involves avoiding conflict and not expressing one's needs or feelings. The nurse is indirectly expressing her displeasure, so it's not purely passive.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: more secure. Electronic Health Records (EHR) typically have built-in security features such as encryption, access controls, and audit trails, making it more secure than paper-and-pencil records. EHRs offer better protection against unauthorized access, tampering, and loss compared to traditional paper records. This is due to the ability to restrict access to specific users, track changes made to the records, and implement authentication measures. Therefore, the security of EHRs surpasses that of paper-and-pencil records. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not acknowledge the enhanced security measures and advantages that EHRs provide over traditional paper records.