Contemporary Ethical Issues in Nursing

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: nurse-midwifery. Nurse-midwifery was the first field of nursing to certify advanced practitioners, starting in the 1920s. Nurse-midwives provide prenatal, childbirth, and postpartum care to women. Other choices are incorrect because adult nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, and nurse anesthesia programs were established after nurse-midwifery certification.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: multiple-choice question item, which allows candidates to select the one correct answer. This is because the multiple-choice format is widely used in the NCLEX-RN examination as it is effective in assessing a candidate's knowledge, critical thinking skills, and ability to make decisions. The distractors in the answer choices provide clues and test the candidate's ability to differentiate between correct and incorrect information. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect: A: fill-in-the-blank item is not the most common format for NCLEX-RN questions as candidates are indeed provided with clues from distractors in multiple-choice questions. C: multiple-response item, although requiring critical thinking, is not the most common format on the NCLEX-RN exam. D: hot-spot item is not the most common format on the NCLEX-RN exam, and it is not necessarily written at the application level of Bloom's analysis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Participatory. In participatory budget development, input is gathered from various levels within the organization, such as staff and managers. In this scenario, the nurse manager met with her staff to establish strategic goals before budget negotiations, indicating a participatory approach. This allows for staff buy-in and ownership of the goals. A: Iterative budget development involves refining a budget through multiple rounds of review, which is not explicitly mentioned in the scenario. B: Top-down budget development is characterized by decisions made by upper management without input from lower levels, contradicting the scenario where staff provided input. D: Zero-based budgeting starts from scratch without considering previous budgets, which is not evident in the scenario where goals were established based on staff input. In summary, the participatory budget development is the appropriate choice in this scenario as it aligns with the collaborative approach taken by the nurse manager and her staff in setting strategic goals before budget negotiations.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: subluxation. Subluxation in chiropractic terms refers to the misalignment of the vertebrae in the spine, which can put pressure on nerves and cause pain. Chiropractors believe that by using manual adjustments, they can correct these subluxations and restore proper alignment, which can alleviate pain and improve overall health. The other choices, B: a sprain, C: a fracture, and D: epicondylitis, do not accurately describe the misalignment of the spine that is being addressed in chiropractic care. Sprain refers to ligament injury, fracture refers to bone breakage, and epicondylitis refers to inflammation of the tendons.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: MEDLINE database. MEDLINE is a reputable database that provides access to a vast array of peer-reviewed medical literature, making it an excellent resource for scholarly publications. Here's the rationale: 1. Credibility: MEDLINE contains high-quality, peer-reviewed articles from reputable medical journals, ensuring the information obtained is reliable and accurate. 2. Specificity: The database is focused on medical research, including studies on hepatitis A, providing targeted and relevant information for the nurse's publication. 3. Efficiency: Search results in MEDLINE are organized and easily accessible, allowing the nurse to efficiently gather information without sifting through irrelevant sources. 4. Up-to-date: MEDLINE is regularly updated with the latest research findings, ensuring the nurse has access to the most current information on hepatitis A. In summary, using MEDLINE is the best choice for the nurse as it offers credible, specific, efficient, and up-to-date information compared to the other options.