Endocrinology Exam Questions

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing various health conditions, including diabetes mellitus, cancer, and hypertension. However, chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) is not directly linked to obesity. COPD is primarily caused by exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly from cigarette smoke. While obesity can impact lung function and worsen symptoms in individuals with COPD, it is not a direct cause of the condition. Therefore, the correct answer is D, chronic obstructive lung disease.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is a glycoprotein hormone that is produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. It acts on the thyroid gland to stimulate the production and release of thyroid hormones, T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine). TSH plays a crucial role in regulating the function of the thyroid gland and maintaining overall thyroid hormone levels in the body.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Addison's disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency, is mainly caused by the autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex. This results in the inadequate production of hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone by the adrenal glands. While other conditions such as Adrenoleukodystrophy, Pyelonephritis, and Tuberculosis can also affect the adrenal glands, they are not known to be direct causes of Addison's disease.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The receptors for non-steroid peptide hormones are typically found on the plasma membrane of target cells. These hormones are large or polar molecules that cannot easily diffuse through the cell membrane. Instead, they bind to specific receptors on the cell surface, initiating signaling pathways that eventually lead to changes within the cell. Once the peptide hormone binds to its receptor on the plasma membrane, secondary messenger systems are activated to relay the signal into the cell and initiate the appropriate cellular response. This distinct mechanism of action highlights the importance of the plasma membrane as the location of receptors for non-steroid peptide hormones.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Conn's syndrome, also known as primary hyperaldosteronism, is characterized by excess production of aldosterone by the adrenal glands. This leads to increased sodium retention and potassium excretion in the kidneys. As a result, patients with Conn's syndrome typically present with hypokalemia (low potassium levels), not hyperkalemia (high potassium levels). The other features of Conn's syndrome include alkalosis (metabolic), muscle cramps, and severe systemic hypertension.