Midwifery Exam Questions

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Descent, engagement, flexion, internal rotation. In left occipito-posterior position, the fetus descends into the pelvis, engages in the maternal pelvis, undergoes flexion to fit through the birth canal, and internally rotates to align with the pelvis for delivery. Choice B (Extension, engagement, internal rotation, external rotation) is incorrect because extension is not typically seen in occipito-posterior positions. Choice C (Flexion, descent, external rotation) is incorrect because external rotation is not part of the mechanism in this position. Choice D (Descent, engagement, extension) is incorrect because extension is not typically seen in this position.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Serotonin. Serotonin is not a primary chemical mediator of hepatic encephalopathy. The main chemical mediators involved in hepatic encephalopathy are A: Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), B: Ammonia, and C: False neurotransmitters. GABA plays a role in inhibiting neurotransmission, ammonia is a key factor in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy, and false neurotransmitters are produced due to altered amino acid metabolism in the liver. Serotonin is not a key player in the development of hepatic encephalopathy, hence it is the correct answer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Inspiration. Laryngeal stridor is caused by narrowed or obstructed airway, resulting in noisy breathing. During inspiration, the air is drawn through the narrowed larynx, causing the stridor sound. During expiration, the air is leaving the body, so the noise may not be as prominent. Choices C and D, feeding and play, are unrelated to the respiratory process and do not affect the presence of laryngeal stridor.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because radiation and substances of abuse are known teratogenic causes of congenital abnormalities. Radiation exposure can lead to genetic mutations and developmental issues in the fetus. Substances of abuse like alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs can also negatively impact fetal development. A: Medical conditions and pesticides may have negative effects on pregnancy outcomes, but they are not typically classified as teratogenic causes of congenital abnormalities. B: Prescription drugs can be teratogenic in some cases, but not all prescription drugs have harmful effects on fetal development. Chromosomes are not typically considered teratogenic causes. D: Disordered genes can lead to congenital abnormalities, but they are not classified as teratogenic causes. Medical conditions are not universally teratogenic.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: A rupture of the uterine wall confined to the tissue. Extra-peritoneal uterine rupture refers to a rupture that does not breach the peritoneal cavity, keeping the damage confined to the uterine tissue only. This is distinct from intra-peritoneal rupture which involves the peritoneum (choice B) and complete rupture of all uterine layers (choice D). Choice A is incorrect as it does not specify the location of the tear, and it does not necessarily imply that there is no organ damage.