Adult Health Nursing Test Bank

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because informed consent should be obtained from both the participants and their parents to ensure full understanding and agreement from all parties involved. This is crucial when working with minors to protect their rights and ensure ethical standards are met. Choice A is incorrect as it excludes parental consent, which is necessary for minors. Choice B is also incorrect as it neglects the participants' direct involvement in consenting to participate. Choice C is incorrect because it only includes available relatives, which may not be legally authorized to provide consent on behalf of the participants.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Inductive process. Qualitative research typically involves an inductive approach, where researchers gather data, analyze patterns, and develop theories or hypotheses based on the observed data. This allows for exploration and discovery of new insights. A) Deductive process is not a characteristic of qualitative research, as deductive reasoning involves starting with a hypothesis and testing it with data. B) Fixed research design is not common in qualitative research, which often uses flexible and adaptive designs to accommodate emergent findings. C) Control over the context is not a key characteristic of qualitative research, as it often involves studying real-world settings with natural contexts rather than controlled environments. In summary, the inductive process is a key characteristic of qualitative research as it allows for exploration and theory development based on observed data, distinguishing it from deductive approaches, fixed designs, and controlled contexts.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Macrophages. Macrophages are antigen-presenting cells that engulf pathogens and present their antigens to T cells, initiating an immune response. They express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules necessary for T cell recognition. B cells also present antigens but primarily to B cells for antibody production. NK cells are involved in killing infected cells, not antigen presentation. Eosinophils are mainly involved in allergic responses and defense against parasites, not antigen presentation.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Nasal polyps. Nasal polyps are benign growths that form in the nasal cavity and sinuses, leading to symptoms such as chronic nasal congestion, hyposmia, and anosmia. The presence of polypoid masses seen on nasal endoscopy is characteristic of nasal polyps. Rationale: 1. Chronic nasal congestion, hyposmia, and anosmia are common symptoms of nasal polyps. 2. Nasal endoscopy revealing polypoid masses confirms the presence of nasal polyps. 3. Allergic rhinitis may cause nasal congestion but does not typically present with polypoid masses. 4. Chronic sinusitis can cause nasal congestion but is usually associated with inflammation of the sinuses, not just polypoid masses. 5. A deviated nasal septum can lead to nasal congestion but does not typically cause polypoid masses obstructing the nasal cavity and sinuses.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Renal colic due to ureteral calculus. The sudden-onset severe colicky flank pain radiating to the groin along with tenderness over the costovertebral angle and hematuria are classic symptoms of kidney stones (ureteral calculus). The pain results from the obstruction of urine flow by the stone, leading to increased pressure and spasm in the ureter. Acute pyelonephritis (choice A) presents with fever, chills, and systemic symptoms. Renal artery embolism (choice B) typically presents with acute onset severe flank pain but is associated with risk factors like atrial fibrillation. Renal infarction (choice D) presents with sudden-onset severe flank pain but is less likely than ureteral calculus in a patient with a history of nephrolithiasis.