ATI Fluid Electrolyte and Acid-Base Regulation

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Osmosis and osmolality. When a hypertonic solution is infused, it increases the number of dissolved particles in the blood, creating an osmotic pressure gradient. This causes fluids in the tissues to shift into the capillaries, increasing blood volume. Osmosis is the movement of solvent (water) across a semi-permeable membrane to equalize solute concentrations. Osmolality refers to the concentration of solutes in a solution. Hydrostatic pressure (choice A) is the force exerted by a fluid against a wall when it is under pressure, not related to the movement of solutes. Diffusion (choice C) is the movement of solute molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration, not involving a semi-permeable membrane. Active transport (choice D) requires energy to move molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient, not the mechanism described in the scenario.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Dilute urine. Hypokalemia can lead to kidney dysfunction, causing the kidneys to excrete more water along with electrolytes, resulting in dilute urine. This is a manifestation of the body's attempt to compensate for low potassium levels by excreting excess water. The other choices are incorrect because: A) Diarrhea is more commonly associated with hyperkalemia, not hypokalemia. C) Increased muscle tone is not a typical sign of hypokalemia; rather, hypokalemia can lead to muscle weakness or paralysis due to impaired muscle function. D) Joint pain is not a typical symptom of hypokalemia; joint pain is more commonly associated with other conditions such as arthritis or inflammation.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: Option C is correct because berries, cherries, apples, and peaches are indeed low in potassium compared to other fruits. This response acknowledges the client's love for fruits while providing suitable alternatives to manage potassium levels. By choosing these low-potassium fruits, the client can continue enjoying fruits without exacerbating hyperkalemia. Incorrect options: A: Potatoes and avocados are high in potassium, so they are not suitable substitutes. B: Cooking fruit does not significantly reduce its potassium content. D: This option lacks guidance and does not offer a solution to the client's concern about high potassium levels.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Initiate a dedicated team to insert access devices. This intervention is the most effective in decreasing complications related to IV therapy because having a dedicated team specialized in inserting access devices ensures that the procedure is done correctly each time, reducing the risk of complications such as bloodstream infections. Choice B is not as effective because additional education for all nurses may not guarantee consistent skill levels in IV insertion. Choice C may limit access but does not address the root cause of complications. Choice D focuses on skin preparation, which is important but not as impactful as having a specialized team for IV insertion.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Hyperchloremia. In this scenario, the patient's symptoms point towards fluid overload, which can lead to hyperchloremia due to excessive chloride intake. 3+ pitting edema suggests fluid retention, a common symptom of hyperchloremia. Additionally, tachypnea can occur as a compensatory mechanism for metabolic acidosis seen in hyperchloremia. Lethargy, weakness, and diminished cognitive ability can be attributed to electrolyte imbalances impacting nerve and muscle function. Choice A: Hypocalcemia is less likely as it typically presents with neuromuscular irritability, not lethargy. Choice B: Hyponatremia usually presents with neurological symptoms like confusion and seizures, not the symptoms described. Choice D: Hypophosphatemia typically presents with muscle weakness, not the full constellation of symptoms described.