HESI A2 Anatomy and Physiology Quizlet 2024

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Occipital lobe. This part of the brain is located at the most posterior position, towards the back of the head. It primarily processes visual information. The frontal lobe (A) is at the front of the brain, responsible for higher-level functions. The parietal lobe (B) is located towards the top of the brain, involved in sensory processing and spatial awareness. The temporal lobe (C) is situated on the sides of the brain, associated with auditory processing and memory. Thus, the occipital lobe is the most posterior part of the brain, making it the correct answer in this case.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Irregular heartbeat. Stenosis of a heart valve can cause restricted blood flow, leading to abnormal heart rhythms. This occurs because the heart has to work harder to pump blood through the narrowed valve, resulting in irregular heartbeats. Abdominal pain (A) is not typically associated with stenosis of a heart valve. Blood clots (B) are more commonly linked to conditions such as atrial fibrillation. Edema (swelling) in organs (C) is usually a result of fluid retention, which can be seen in heart failure but is not directly caused by stenosis of a heart valve.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Esophagus. The esophagus is the organ through which muscles push food into the stomach via peristalsis. Peristalsis is the wave-like muscle contractions that help move food down the digestive tract. The mouth is responsible for chewing and swallowing food, not pushing it into the stomach. The small intestine is where most of the digestion and absorption of nutrients occur, but it does not play a role in pushing food into the stomach. The epiglottis is a flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the airway during swallowing, but it is not involved in pushing food into the stomach.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Inflammation. Inflammation is a secondary defense mechanism that occurs when tissues are injured, triggering a response to remove harmful stimuli and promote healing. It involves increased blood flow, white blood cell migration, and release of cytokines. Tears (A) and mucus (D) are primary defenses that help prevent pathogens from entering the body. Urine (B) is not a defense mechanism but rather a waste product excreted by the kidneys. In summary, inflammation plays a crucial role in fighting pathogens by mobilizing the immune system, making it the correct secondary defense mechanism choice.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Serotonin is the correct answer as it regulates sleep, mood, and appetite. Serotonin is known as the "feel-good" neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in regulating these functions. It helps to maintain a balanced mood, promote feelings of well-being, and regulate sleep patterns and appetite. Oxytocin is mainly involved in social bonding and childbirth. Cortisol is a stress hormone that regulates metabolism and immune response. Aldosterone is a hormone that regulates blood pressure and electrolyte balance. Therefore, A is the correct answer as it directly controls sleep, mood, and appetite.