Anatomy and Physiology Hesi A2 Practice Test

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Endocrine glands secrete chemicals into the blood. This is because endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate various physiological functions throughout the body. Other choices are incorrect: A is incorrect as endocrine glands do not absorb chemicals from the blood; C is incorrect because endocrine glands do not filter chemicals from the blood; and D is incorrect as endocrine glands do not absorb chemicals from the lymphatic system.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Vitamin A. Step 1: Vitamin A is essential for maintaining healthy skin as it promotes cell growth and repair. Step 2: Vitamin A is crucial for vision as it is a component of rhodopsin, a protein in the retina. Step 3: Vitamin C (choice A) is important for immune function and collagen production, not specifically skin or vision. Vitamin D (choice C) is essential for bone health, not skin or vision. Vitamin K (choice D) is important for blood clotting, not skin or vision.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Hypothalamus. The hypothalamus releases thyrotrophic-releasing hormone (TRH), which stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland. It also secretes growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) to stimulate growth hormone release and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to regulate the secretion of gonadotropins (FSH and LH). The other choices are incorrect because: A: Thymus - The thymus is primarily involved in immune function and does not release the mentioned hormones. B: Pituitary gland - While the pituitary gland responds to the hormones released by the hypothalamus, it does not release TRH, GHRH, or GnRH directly. C: Pineal gland - The pineal gland mainly secretes melatonin and is not involved in releasing the mentioned hormones related to growth, thyroid function, and reproduction

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Glomerulus. The glomerulus is a network of capillaries located within the Bowman's capsule in the nephron. It filters blood to form urine by allowing small molecules like water, ions, and waste products to pass through while retaining larger molecules like proteins and blood cells. The other choices, A (Nephron), C (Bowman's capsule), and D (Loop of Henle) are all parts of the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney. While the nephron as a whole is responsible for urine formation, the specific structure that filters blood to form urine is the glomerulus within the Bowman's capsule.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice D (Parathyroid) is correct: 1. Parathyroid glands are not directly involved in the stress response. 2. When under stress, hypothalamus triggers the release of hormones from posterior pituitary and adrenal cortex. 3. Parathyroid regulates calcium levels, not stress hormones. 4. Choices A, B, and C are all directly involved in the stress response. In summary, the parathyroid gland is not a part of the stress response system, unlike the posterior pituitary, hypothalamus, and adrenal cortex.