HESI A2 Anatomy and Physiology Quizlet 2024

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Alveoli. Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood occurs. This is where oxygen is taken up by the blood and carbon dioxide is released into the air. Pleura (A) is the membrane surrounding the lungs, trachea (B) is the windpipe, and bronchioles (C) are smaller airways within the lungs that lead to the alveoli but do not participate directly in gas exchange. Therefore, the alveoli are the site where nearly all gaseous exchanges between air and blood take place in the lungs.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: veins. Veins have the lowest blood pressure among the structures listed. This is because veins carry blood back to the heart from the body, and by the time blood reaches the veins, it has already passed through the arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, losing pressure along the way. Arteries (choice A) have high pressure to deliver blood away from the heart, arterioles (choice B) regulate blood flow, and venules (choice C) connect capillaries to veins. Veins have thin walls and are more compliant, allowing them to carry blood at a lower pressure back to the heart.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Answer C is correct because anatomically, the hip is closer to the body's midline than the knee. Proximal refers to a position closer to the point of attachment or origin, which in this case is the body. The hip joint connects the thigh bone to the pelvis, and it is closer to the body's midline compared to the knee joint, which is further down the leg. Explanation of why other choices are incorrect: A: The knee is actually proximal to the ankle. Distal means further away from the point of attachment or origin, so the ankle is distal to the knee. B: The heart is superior to the diaphragm. The heart is located above the diaphragm in the thoracic cavity. D: The wrist is distal to the elbow. The wrist is further away from the point of attachment (the body) compared to the elbow.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because touch input via the integumentary system sends messages to the nervous system. The skin, part of the integumentary system, contains sensory receptors that detect touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. When these receptors are stimulated, they send signals to the brain via the nervous system, allowing us to perceive and respond to various stimuli. This interaction is crucial for our ability to sense and navigate our environment. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the integumentary system does not specifically remove heat from neurons, circulate nutrients outward, or have messages from the nervous system affecting the color and texture of the skin. These functions are not primary interactions between the integumentary system and the nervous system.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: thiamine. Beriberi is a disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine, also known as vitamin B1. Thiamine plays a crucial role in energy metabolism and nerve function. Without enough thiamine, the body cannot produce sufficient energy, leading to symptoms like muscle weakness, nerve damage, and heart problems. Choice B (vitamin C) is incorrect because vitamin C deficiency leads to scurvy, not beriberi. Choice C (niacin) deficiency causes pellagra, not beriberi. Choice D (protein) deficiency can lead to various health issues, but it is not directly related to beriberi.