HESI A2 Anatomy and Physiology Quizlet 2024

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: thiamine. Beriberi is a disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine, also known as vitamin B1. Thiamine plays a crucial role in energy metabolism and nerve function. Without enough thiamine, the body cannot produce sufficient energy, leading to symptoms like muscle weakness, nerve damage, and heart problems. Choice B (vitamin C) is incorrect because vitamin C deficiency leads to scurvy, not beriberi. Choice C (niacin) deficiency causes pellagra, not beriberi. Choice D (protein) deficiency can lead to various health issues, but it is not directly related to beriberi.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Alveoli. Alveoli are tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood occurs. This is where oxygen is taken up by the blood and carbon dioxide is released into the air. Pleura (A) is the membrane surrounding the lungs, trachea (B) is the windpipe, and bronchioles (C) are smaller airways within the lungs that lead to the alveoli but do not participate directly in gas exchange. Therefore, the alveoli are the site where nearly all gaseous exchanges between air and blood take place in the lungs.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: posterior. The dorsal body cavity is located on the back side of the body, opposite the ventral body cavity which is on the front side. Therefore, the dorsal body cavity is posterior to the ventral body cavity in anatomical position. Choice A (medial) refers to being closer to the midline, not the relationship between dorsal and ventral cavities. Choice B (deep) refers to being further from the surface, not the relative position of the dorsal and ventral cavities. Choice D (anterior) refers to being in front, which is the opposite direction of the dorsal body cavity in relation to the ventral body cavity.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the endocrine system produces hormones that regulate sexual function in the reproductive system. These hormones control processes like puberty, menstrual cycles, sperm production, and ovulation. Choice A is incorrect as nutrient transformation is not a primary function of the reproductive system. Choice B is incorrect because the sex of the embryo is determined by genetic factors, not the endocrine system. Choice C is incorrect as the growth of secondary sex organs is mainly controlled by hormones produced by the endocrine system, not the reproductive system.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because endocytosis is a process in which the cell engulfs solid particles by forming vesicles around them. This allows the cell to bring in large molecules or particles that are too big to pass through the cell membrane on their own. Choice B is incorrect because endocytosis involves engulfing solid particles, not liquid material. Choice C is incorrect because endocytosis is about bringing particles into the cell, not expelling them. Choice D is incorrect because endocytosis involves the cell taking in material, not releasing it.