HESI A2 Anatomy and Physiology Practice Exam

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: When they block a duct. Gallstones cause issues when they obstruct the flow of bile from the gallbladder through the bile ducts. This blockage can lead to severe pain, inflammation, infection, and potentially life-threatening complications. Choices B and C focus on the composition of gallstones, which may not always correlate with symptom severity. Choice D is incorrect because gallstones dissolving can actually relieve symptoms rather than cause problems.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The rotator cuff helps stabilize the humerus and scapula during shoulder movements. It consists of muscles and tendons that surround the shoulder joint, providing support and stability. Choice A (Radius and humerus) is incorrect as the radius is not part of the shoulder joint. Choice B (Scapula and clavicle) is incorrect because the clavicle is not directly stabilized by the rotator cuff. Choice D (Ulna and radius) is incorrect as these bones are not part of the shoulder joint and are not stabilized by the rotator cuff. Therefore, choice C (Humerus and scapula) is the correct answer based on the anatomy and function of the rotator cuff in stabilizing the shoulder joint.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Tendon and possibly ligament. In a rotator cuff tear, the structures that are typically torn are the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles, particularly the supraspinatus tendon. The rotator cuff is composed of muscles and tendons, not ligaments. While it is possible for some ligaments to be involved in severe cases, the primary structures affected are the tendons. Choice B is incorrect because muscles are not typically torn in a rotator cuff tear. Choice C is incorrect as ligaments are not the primary structures involved in a rotator cuff tear. Choice D is incorrect as it suggests that only the tendons are affected, whereas the tear commonly involves both tendons and possibly ligaments.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Vitamin B1, which is another name for thiamine. Thiamine is essential for energy metabolism and nerve function. Vitamin B2 (choice B) is riboflavin, Vitamin B6 (choice C) is pyridoxine, and Vitamin D (choice D) is important for bone health. Thiamine deficiency can lead to serious conditions like beriberi, making it crucial for overall health.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Primary peristalsis occurs in the esophagus. This process involves coordinated muscle contractions that push food from the mouth to the stomach. The esophagus contains smooth muscles that contract rhythmically to propel food downwards. In contrast, the stomach's main function is to mix and churn food with gastric juices, not conduct peristalsis. The nervous system plays a role in regulating peristalsis but is not the location where it occurs. The small intestine is primarily involved in digestion and absorption of nutrients, not peristalsis. Therefore, the correct answer is A, as the esophagus is where primary peristalsis takes place.