HESI A2 Anatomy and Physiology Practice Exam

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because skeletal muscle attaches to bones by tendons, allowing for movement of the body. Tendons are tough connective tissues that anchor muscles to bones. This attachment enables the contraction of skeletal muscles to produce movement at the joints. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. Skeletal muscle typically makes up around 40-50% of the body's weight, muscle contraction plays a role in temperature regulation through shivering, and skeletal muscles can contract even at rest due to maintaining posture or supporting the body.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Vitamin B1, which is another name for thiamine. Thiamine is essential for energy metabolism and nerve function. Vitamin B2 (choice B) is riboflavin, Vitamin B6 (choice C) is pyridoxine, and Vitamin D (choice D) is important for bone health. Thiamine deficiency can lead to serious conditions like beriberi, making it crucial for overall health.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why the correct answer is C (Columnar Epithelium): 1. Pillar-shaped cells indicate tall, elongated cells. 2. Columnar epithelium consists of tall cells with nuclei located near the base. 3. This tissue is specialized for absorption and secretion. 4. Tight arrangement suggests a protective and selective barrier. Summary: A: Squamous epithelium has flat cells, not pillar-shaped. B: Cuboidal epithelium has cube-shaped cells, not pillar-shaped. D: Transitional epithelium is found in urinary system, not pillar-shaped cells.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Tendon and possibly ligament. In a rotator cuff tear, the structures that are typically torn are the tendons of the rotator cuff muscles, particularly the supraspinatus tendon. The rotator cuff is composed of muscles and tendons, not ligaments. While it is possible for some ligaments to be involved in severe cases, the primary structures affected are the tendons. Choice B is incorrect because muscles are not typically torn in a rotator cuff tear. Choice C is incorrect as ligaments are not the primary structures involved in a rotator cuff tear. Choice D is incorrect as it suggests that only the tendons are affected, whereas the tear commonly involves both tendons and possibly ligaments.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because the first step in pulmonary circulation is the pulmonary artery carrying deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation. This step initiates the process of oxygen exchange in the lungs. The other choices are incorrect as they do not represent the initial step in pulmonary circulation. Choice A occurs after oxygen exchange in the lungs, choice C describes the gas exchange process within the alveoli, and choice D refers to the systemic circulation, not the pulmonary circulation.