HESI A2 Anatomy and Physiology Practice Test

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The upper respiratory tract consists of the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx. Bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli are all part of the lower respiratory tract, involved in gas exchange within the lungs. Therefore, none of the above options are part of the upper respiratory tract. The correct answer is D.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because during periods of rapid growth, such as adolescence, young people may experience a growth spurt where they grow taller faster than they gain weight. This can result in them being underweight despite eating enough calories. Choice B is incorrect as protein, fat, and sugar intake alone do not necessarily cause underweight conditions. Choice C is incorrect because eating several meals a day without balancing caloric intake with energy expenditure is unlikely to result in being underweight. Choice D is incorrect as long as the young person is consuming enough calories overall, the specific food groups in each meal are less relevant to weight status.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Scurvy. Vitamin C deficiency leads to scurvy due to its role in collagen synthesis. Without enough vitamin C, collagen production is disrupted, leading to symptoms like gum disease, easy bruising, and poor wound healing. Kwashiorkor (A) is caused by severe protein deficiency. Pellagra (B) results from niacin (vitamin B3) deficiency. Rickets (C) is caused by vitamin D deficiency, leading to weak or soft bones. In summary, scurvy is the correct answer due to the specific symptoms associated with vitamin C deficiency, while the other choices are related to deficiencies of different nutrients and have distinct clinical presentations.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: An injury to the parietal lobe can impact perception because this lobe is responsible for processing sensory information such as touch, spatial awareness, and interpreting the environment. Damage to the parietal lobe can result in difficulties in recognizing objects, understanding spatial relationships, and integrating sensory information. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the parietal lobe is not directly involved in regulating breathing, attention, or memory functions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The hypothalamus is part of the endocrine system as it regulates hormone production and secretion by the pituitary gland. It plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis. The cardiovascular system (choice A), respiratory system (choice C), and lymphatic system (choice D) do not involve the hypothalamus in their primary functions.