HESI A2 Anatomy and Physiology Practice Test

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Enlargement of the thyroid can compress the esophagus, leading to difficulty swallowing. The goiter may cause pressure on the neck and interfere with the normal swallowing process. This can result in symptoms such as throat tightness, hoarseness, and difficulty swallowing. Incorrect choices: B: Insulin levels are regulated by the pancreas, not the thyroid. C: The thyroid enlargement does not directly impact sleep. D: Digestion is primarily controlled by the stomach and intestines, not the thyroid.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, the urinary system. The kidneys play a crucial role in regulating electrolytes by filtering blood and excreting excess electrolytes into urine. This process helps maintain proper balance of electrolytes in the body. The endocrine system (A) primarily regulates hormones, not electrolytes. The lymphatic system (C) is responsible for immune function and fluid balance, not electrolyte regulation. The nervous system (D) controls communication between different parts of the body, but does not directly regulate electrolytes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Potassium. Potassium is an essential mineral that plays a vital role in maintaining fluid balance in the body by regulating the movement of fluids in and out of cells. It helps to control blood pressure, muscle contractions, and nerve impulses. Cobalt, chromium, and sulfur do not have a direct role in fluid balance regulation. Cobalt is needed for B12 synthesis, chromium helps with insulin function, and sulfur is essential for protein structure. Therefore, potassium is the correct choice for maintaining fluid balance in the body.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: T4. The thyroid gland primarily secretes thyroxine (T4), which plays a key role in regulating metabolism and energy production in the body. Oxytocin (A) is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland, not the thyroid. TSH (B) is thyroid-stimulating hormone produced by the pituitary gland to stimulate the thyroid to produce T4. Adrenaline (C) is produced by the adrenal glands, not the thyroid. T4 is the main hormone secreted by the thyroid gland, making it the correct answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because the urinary system eliminates waste products of digestion like urea and excess water. The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients, which are absorbed into the bloodstream. The liver processes the absorbed nutrients and removes waste products, converting some into urea. The kidneys filter the blood, removing urea and excess water to form urine, which is then excreted. Incorrect choices: A: The digestive system does not control the function of the ureter; that is the role of the urinary system. B: While the urinary system does remove toxins from the body, it is not directly related to the products of digestion. C: Hormones related to urination are mainly produced by the kidneys and not the digestive system.