Anatomy and Physiology Hesi A2 Practice Test

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hyoid. The hyoid bone is the only bone in the human body that does not directly articulate with any other bone. It is a U-shaped bone located in the neck, suspended by ligaments and muscles. Its unique position and function in supporting the tongue and larynx make it distinct from the other choices. The femur (A), radius (C), and tibia (D) are all long bones that articulate with neighboring bones at their respective joints, such as the hip, elbow, and knee joints, respectively. The hyoid bone's isolated location and lack of direct articulation with other bones set it apart as the correct choice.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: To detoxify harmful substances. The liver plays a crucial role in metabolism by detoxifying harmful substances such as drugs and alcohol. It metabolizes these substances into less harmful compounds for elimination from the body. Other choices are incorrect because: A: The liver produces bile to aid in digestion, not directly related to metabolism. C: While the liver stores glucose in the form of glycogen, it is not its primary role in metabolism. D: Insulin is produced by the pancreas, not the liver, to regulate blood sugar levels, not directly related to liver's role in metabolism.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Parietal lobe. The parietal lobe is primarily responsible for processing sensory information related to touch, temperature, and body position. It contains the somatosensory cortex, which receives and interprets sensory information from the skin, muscles, and joints. This area helps us perceive and understand tactile sensations, temperature variations, and proprioception. The frontal lobe is more involved in higher-order cognitive functions and motor control. The occipital lobe is responsible for processing visual information, and the temporal lobe is involved in auditory processing and memory. Therefore, the parietal lobe is the most appropriate choice for processing sensory information related to touch, temperature, and body position.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Glomerulus. The glomerulus is a network of capillaries located within the Bowman's capsule in the nephron. It filters blood to form urine by allowing small molecules like water, ions, and waste products to pass through while retaining larger molecules like proteins and blood cells. The other choices, A (Nephron), C (Bowman's capsule), and D (Loop of Henle) are all parts of the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney. While the nephron as a whole is responsible for urine formation, the specific structure that filters blood to form urine is the glomerulus within the Bowman's capsule.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Melatonin. Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland that plays a crucial role in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. It is released in response to darkness and helps signal to the body that it is time to sleep. Melatonin levels increase at night, promoting sleep, and decrease during the day, promoting wakefulness. A: Insulin is a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels, not the sleep-wake cycle. C: Cortisol is a stress hormone involved in the body's response to stress and is not directly related to the sleep-wake cycle. D: Thyroxine is a hormone produced by the thyroid gland that regulates metabolism and energy levels, not the sleep-wake cycle.