HESI A2 Anatomy and Physiology Quizlet 2024

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Serotonin is the correct answer as it regulates sleep, mood, and appetite. Serotonin is known as the "feel-good" neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in regulating these functions. It helps to maintain a balanced mood, promote feelings of well-being, and regulate sleep patterns and appetite. Oxytocin is mainly involved in social bonding and childbirth. Cortisol is a stress hormone that regulates metabolism and immune response. Aldosterone is a hormone that regulates blood pressure and electrolyte balance. Therefore, A is the correct answer as it directly controls sleep, mood, and appetite.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Cardiovascular system. Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the rest of the body. The cardiovascular system includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Arteries play a crucial role in this system by facilitating the circulation of blood. Explanation for incorrect choices: A: Nervous system - Arteries are not a part of the nervous system, which primarily consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. B: Endocrine system - Arteries are not directly involved in the endocrine system, which is responsible for hormone production and regulation. C: Lymphatic system - Arteries are not part of the lymphatic system, which includes lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, and lymph fluid.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Inflammation. Inflammation is a secondary defense mechanism that occurs when tissues are injured, triggering a response to remove harmful stimuli and promote healing. It involves increased blood flow, white blood cell migration, and release of cytokines. Tears (A) and mucus (D) are primary defenses that help prevent pathogens from entering the body. Urine (B) is not a defense mechanism but rather a waste product excreted by the kidneys. In summary, inflammation plays a crucial role in fighting pathogens by mobilizing the immune system, making it the correct secondary defense mechanism choice.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: thiamine. Beriberi is a disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine, also known as vitamin B1. Thiamine plays a crucial role in energy metabolism and nerve function. Without enough thiamine, the body cannot produce sufficient energy, leading to symptoms like muscle weakness, nerve damage, and heart problems. Choice B (vitamin C) is incorrect because vitamin C deficiency leads to scurvy, not beriberi. Choice C (niacin) deficiency causes pellagra, not beriberi. Choice D (protein) deficiency can lead to various health issues, but it is not directly related to beriberi.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because the lateral side of the knee is the side farthest from the left knee. To determine this, visualize the body in anatomical position and observe that the right side is the outer side of the knee joint, making it the lateral side. The kneecap (A) is the patella, located at the front of the knee, not the lateral side. Being closest to the left knee (B) is inaccurate as the lateral side is actually on the opposite side. On the underside of the knee (D) refers to the posterior aspect, not the lateral side.