HESI A2 Anatomy and Physiology Practice Test

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Urinary and reproductive. The urethra is a tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body (urinary system) and also serves as the passageway for semen in males (reproductive system). The other choices are incorrect because the urethra is not part of the endocrine system (choice A), digestive system (choice D), or cardiovascular system (choice D). The urinary and reproductive systems are closely related in terms of anatomy and function, making choice B the correct answer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Lactase. Lactase is the enzyme responsible for breaking down lactose into glucose and galactose. This process is essential for individuals to digest lactose found in milk and dairy products. Catalase (A) breaks down hydrogen peroxide, Lipase (B) breaks down fats, and Protease (C) breaks down proteins, none of which are involved in lactose digestion. Therefore, the correct choice is D as it specifically targets lactose breakdown.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The hypothalamus is part of the endocrine system as it regulates hormone production and secretion by the pituitary gland. It plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis. The cardiovascular system (choice A), respiratory system (choice C), and lymphatic system (choice D) do not involve the hypothalamus in their primary functions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Production of antibodies. Nonspecific immune responses are immediate and do not target specific pathogens. Antibodies are produced by the specific immune system in response to a particular pathogen. Inflammation, vasodilation, and release of histamine are examples of nonspecific immune responses that occur rapidly to defend against a wide range of pathogens. Antibodies are produced by B cells in response to specific antigens and are part of the adaptive immune response.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Scurvy. Vitamin C deficiency leads to scurvy due to its role in collagen synthesis. Without enough vitamin C, collagen production is disrupted, leading to symptoms like gum disease, easy bruising, and poor wound healing. Kwashiorkor (A) is caused by severe protein deficiency. Pellagra (B) results from niacin (vitamin B3) deficiency. Rickets (C) is caused by vitamin D deficiency, leading to weak or soft bones. In summary, scurvy is the correct answer due to the specific symptoms associated with vitamin C deficiency, while the other choices are related to deficiencies of different nutrients and have distinct clinical presentations.