HESI A2 Anatomy and Physiology 2023

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The motor cortex is located in the front portion of the parietal lobe. This is because it is primarily responsible for planning, executing, and controlling voluntary movements of the body. The parietal lobe is known for processing sensory information, making it an ideal location for integrating sensory inputs with motor commands. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the motor cortex is specifically situated in the frontal lobe, not the top or back of the head or around the auditory cortex.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Ball and socket joint. This type of joint allows for movement in multiple directions due to its structure where a rounded end of one bone fits into a cup-like socket of another bone. This design enables flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. Other choices are incorrect because: A: Hinge joint allows movement in one plane only. C: Pivot joint allows rotational movement around a single axis. D: Saddle joint allows for movement in two planes but not as freely as a ball and socket joint.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Temporal lobe. The temporal lobe is responsible for memory and learning due to its key structures such as the hippocampus and amygdala. The hippocampus plays a crucial role in forming new memories, while the amygdala is involved in processing emotions related to memory. Frontal lobe is more associated with executive functions, parietal lobe with sensory processing, and occipital lobe with visual processing. Therefore, the temporal lobe is the most relevant for memory and learning.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Medulla oblongata. The medulla oblongata is located in the brainstem and is responsible for regulating essential functions such as heart rate and breathing. It contains vital centers that control autonomic functions, including the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. The medulla receives inputs from various sensory receptors and sends signals to the heart and lungs to maintain homeostasis. The other choices are incorrect because: A: Cerebrum is primarily responsible for higher brain functions such as thinking and voluntary movements. B: Cerebellum is involved in coordination and balance, not in regulating heart rate and breathing. D: Hypothalamus plays a role in regulating body temperature, hunger, and thirst, but not specifically in controlling heart rate and breathing.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Tendons. Tendons are the connective tissue type that attaches muscles to bones. They are strong, fibrous cords that transmit the force generated by muscles to the bones, allowing movement. Ligaments (A) connect bones to other bones, not muscles. Cartilage (C) is a type of supportive tissue found in joints but does not attach muscles to bones. Fascia (D) is a connective tissue that surrounds muscles and other structures but does not directly attach muscles to bones.