HESI A2 Anatomy and Physiology 2023

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: cartilage. Cartilage is the substance that makes up the pads between the vertebrae, known as intervertebral discs. Cartilage provides cushioning and support, allowing for flexibility and shock absorption in the spine. Bone (A) is a hard tissue that forms the structure of the vertebrae but does not provide the cushioning function of the discs. Tendon (C) is a fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone and does not play a role in supporting the vertebrae. Fat (D) is a type of adipose tissue that is not found in the pads between the vertebrae.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: To produce bile and detoxify substances. The liver plays a crucial role in producing bile, which aids in digestion by breaking down fats. It also detoxifies harmful substances in the body. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the liver does not primarily filter blood, produce insulin, or produce red blood cells. Filtering blood is mainly done by the kidneys, insulin is produced by the pancreas, and red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Biceps brachii. The biceps brachii is a muscle located in the upper arm that is responsible for flexing the forearm at the elbow joint. It is a powerful supinator of the forearm and also helps in shoulder flexion. The other choices are incorrect because: B: Triceps brachii is responsible for extending the forearm, not flexing it. C: Deltoid is a shoulder muscle responsible for abduction, not forearm flexion. D: Brachialis is a forearm muscle that assists in elbow flexion but is not the primary muscle involved in flexing the forearm.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Tendons. Tendons are the connective tissue type that attaches muscles to bones. They are strong, fibrous cords that transmit the force generated by muscles to the bones, allowing movement. Ligaments (A) connect bones to other bones, not muscles. Cartilage (C) is a type of supportive tissue found in joints but does not attach muscles to bones. Fascia (D) is a connective tissue that surrounds muscles and other structures but does not directly attach muscles to bones.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hinge joint. The elbow joint is a hinge joint because it allows movement in one plane, similar to a door hinge. It primarily allows flexion and extension movements. A ball and socket joint (A) allows a wider range of motion in multiple planes. A pivot joint (C) allows rotation around a central axis. A saddle joint (D) allows movement in multiple directions with a greater range of motion compared to a hinge joint.