HESI A2 Anatomy and Physiology Practice Test 2023

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Kidneys. The kidneys are responsible for filtering and cleaning the blood through the process of removing waste products, excess fluids, and toxins, which are then excreted as urine. The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining the body's overall balance of fluids and electrolytes. The other choices are incorrect because: A: Lungs are responsible for exchanging gases, not filtering blood. B: Heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood, not involved in blood filtration. D: Liver plays a role in detoxification and metabolism, but it does not directly filter blood like the kidneys do.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Vitamin K. Vitamin K is necessary for blood clotting as it helps in the synthesis of clotting factors in the liver. Without adequate vitamin K, the blood may not clot properly, leading to excessive bleeding. Vitamin D (Choice A) is important for bone health, not blood clotting. Vitamin C (Choice C) is essential for collagen synthesis and immune function, but not directly involved in blood clotting. Vitamin B12 (Choice D) is crucial for nerve function and red blood cell production, but not specifically for blood clotting.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone). ADH is produced by the hypothalamus and helps regulate water balance by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys. This helps to concentrate urine and retain water in the body. Insulin (B) regulates blood sugar levels, cortisol (C) is involved in stress response and metabolism, and thyroxine (D) regulates metabolism. These hormones are not directly involved in water balance regulation.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: To absorb water and form solid waste. The large intestine's primary function is to absorb water and electrolytes from the indigestible food residue that enters it from the small intestine. This process helps in forming solid waste (feces) for elimination. The other choices are incorrect because B is the function of the pancreas and small intestine, C is the function of the endocrine system and not the large intestine, and D is the function of the small intestine where nutrient absorption mainly occurs.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: To secrete digestive enzymes. The pancreas secretes enzymes such as amylase, lipase, and proteases that aid in breaking down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the small intestine. This supports the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because the pancreas does not directly absorb nutrients, produce bile, or store glucose.