HESI A2 Anatomy and Physiology 2023

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The ulnar nerve innervates the arm, specifically the pinky finger, ring finger, and part of the hand. Damage to the ulnar nerve will lead to decreased sensation in these areas. Therefore, the correct answer is B (Arm). The other choices are incorrect because the ulnar nerve does not supply sensation to the Leg (A), Face (C), or Abdomen (D).

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Amygdala. The amygdala is a key structure in the brain responsible for processing emotions, particularly fear and pleasure. It plays a crucial role in emotional responses and memory formation related to emotions. The frontal lobe (choice A) is primarily involved in decision-making and reasoning. The parietal lobe (choice C) is responsible for sensory processing and spatial awareness. The occipital lobe (choice D) is mainly involved in visual processing. Therefore, the amygdala is the correct choice for processing emotions due to its specific functions related to emotional responses.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Glomerulus. The glomerulus is a network of tiny blood vessels in the nephron that filters blood to form urine. It acts as the initial filtration site in the kidney, allowing waste products and excess substances to be removed from the blood. Bowman's capsule surrounds the glomerulus and collects the filtered fluid. The loop of Henle is responsible for reabsorbing water and electrolytes. While the nephron is the functional unit of the kidney, the glomerulus specifically performs the blood filtering process crucial for urine formation.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: To produce bile. The liver produces bile, which is essential for the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine. Bile emulsifies fats, breaking them down into smaller droplets for easier digestion by enzymes. This process aids in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and fatty acids. Choice A (To store glucose) is incorrect because the liver primarily regulates blood glucose levels by storing glycogen and releasing glucose as needed. Choice C (To detoxify harmful substances) is incorrect as the liver's main function in detoxification is carried out by enzymes in the liver cells, not directly related to the digestive system. Choice D (To absorb nutrients) is incorrect as the liver doesn't directly absorb nutrients. Instead, it processes and stores nutrients after absorption by the small intestine.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Medulla oblongata. The medulla oblongata is located in the brainstem and is responsible for regulating essential functions such as heart rate and breathing. It contains vital centers that control autonomic functions, including the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. The medulla receives inputs from various sensory receptors and sends signals to the heart and lungs to maintain homeostasis. The other choices are incorrect because: A: Cerebrum is primarily responsible for higher brain functions such as thinking and voluntary movements. B: Cerebellum is involved in coordination and balance, not in regulating heart rate and breathing. D: Hypothalamus plays a role in regulating body temperature, hunger, and thirst, but not specifically in controlling heart rate and breathing.