HESI A2 Anatomy and Physiology Practice Exam

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The parathyroid hormone regulates calcium levels in the body. It does so by increasing the release of calcium from bones, promoting calcium absorption in the intestines, and reducing calcium excretion by the kidneys. This is crucial for maintaining proper bone density and nerve function. Choice A (Magnesium) is incorrect because the parathyroid hormone does not directly regulate magnesium levels. Choice C (Calcitonin) is incorrect because calcitonin, produced by the thyroid gland, works in opposition to parathyroid hormone to lower blood calcium levels. Choice D (Glucocorticoids) is incorrect because these hormones, produced by the adrenal glands, are involved in metabolism, immune response, and stress regulation, but not in calcium regulation.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Frontal lobe. The frontal lobe is responsible for speech production as it houses the Broca's area, which is crucial for language processing and speech production. Lesions in the frontal lobe can lead to expressive aphasia. The parietal lobe (B) is more involved in processing sensory information and spatial awareness. The temporal lobe (C) is important for auditory processing and memory. The occipital lobe (D) is primarily responsible for visual processing. Therefore, the frontal lobe is the correct choice for speech production.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: When they block a duct. Gallstones cause issues when they obstruct the flow of bile from the gallbladder through the bile ducts. This blockage can lead to severe pain, inflammation, infection, and potentially life-threatening complications. Choices B and C focus on the composition of gallstones, which may not always correlate with symptom severity. Choice D is incorrect because gallstones dissolving can actually relieve symptoms rather than cause problems.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because the gallbladder is located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen. When a gallstone blocks the bile duct, it can cause pain in this area due to the distension and inflammation of the gallbladder. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because gallstone pain is typically felt in the upper right quadrant where the gallbladder is located, not in the lower right quadrant, umbilical region, or along the pelvic girdle.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because the circulatory system works with the digestive system by transporting absorbed nutrients from the digestive tract to cells throughout the body. First, after food is broken down in the digestive system, nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream in the small intestine. Then, the circulatory system, specifically the blood vessels, carries these nutrients to different tissues and organs for energy production, growth, and repair. This process is essential for maintaining the body's overall function and health. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the circulatory system does not remove undigested solids (choice A), filter and collect digested materials (choice B), or release enzymes that control digestion (choice D). These functions are primarily carried out by the digestive system itself, including the stomach, intestines, and associated organs.