Biology HESI A2 Practice Test

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: DNA replication, mitosis, and cytokinesis. In the haploid cell cycle, DNA replication occurs during the S phase, followed by mitosis where the duplicated chromosomes are separated into two daughter cells, and finally, cytokinesis completes the division of the cytoplasm. Choice B is incorrect because meiosis is a process specific to the diploid cell cycle, not the haploid cell cycle. Choice C is incorrect as degradation is not a main event in the cell cycle. Choice D is incorrect because apoptosis is a programmed cell death process and not a regular event in the cell cycle.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because antibiotics are designed to target and kill bacteria, not viruses like the flu. Viruses and bacteria are different types of microorganisms with distinct structures and replication mechanisms. Antibiotics work by disrupting bacterial cell processes, which viruses lack. Therefore, using antibiotics for viral infections like the flu is ineffective. Choice A is incorrect because it refers to a different type of infection, not the reason why antibiotics don't work for the flu. Choice C is incorrect because the issue lies in the antibiotic's ineffectiveness against viruses, not the dosage. Choice D is also incorrect as B clearly explains the reason why antibiotics don't work for treating the flu.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Tight junctions. Tight junctions are specialized connections between cells that form a barrier to prevent leakage of substances between cells. They are important for maintaining the integrity and function of epithelial and endothelial tissue. Separate desmosomes (choice A) are incorrect because desmosomes are anchoring junctions, not tight junctions. Ronofilaments (choice B) is not a term related to cell junctions. Fascia adherens (choice D) is incorrect as it refers to a type of adherens junction, not tight junctions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Cells can convert nutrients to energy. Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down nutrients to produce energy in the form of ATP. This energy is essential for various cellular functions. Choice A is incorrect because DNA replication is a separate process. Choice B is incorrect as cellular respiration is not related to breathing, which is the exchange of gases. Choice D is incorrect as cell division is a different cellular process called mitosis or meiosis.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because the Krebs cycle involves the oxidation of acetyl CoA, a product of glycolysis, leading to the production of NADH and FADH2. Choice A is incorrect because the proteins are not directly involved in the Krebs cycle. Choice C is incorrect because protons are not passed along a gradient in the Krebs cycle; they are used in the electron transport chain to produce ATP. Choice D is incorrect because the Krebs cycle is not known as the glycolic acid cycle; glycolysis is the pathway that produces glycolic acid.